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Indian Court Rejects X’s Challenge to Modi Government’s Content Removal Rules

An Indian court has dismissed X’s legal bid to overturn the country’s new content removal system, ruling that the social media platform—owned by Elon Musk—must comply with local laws despite its claims that the mechanism amounted to censorship.

The case centered on Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s tightened internet regulations introduced in 2023. The rules allow a wider range of government officials to issue takedown orders directly through a centralized government website launched in October.

X had argued the measures were unconstitutional and gave “every Tom, Dick, and Harry” the power to censor speech online. But Justice M. Nagaprasanna of Karnataka’s high court rejected the claim, stating: “Every platform that seeks to operate within the jurisdiction of our nation must accept that liberty is yoked with responsibility.”

The ruling follows months of legal battles between X and government lawyers. India’s government defended the system as a way to combat unlawful online content, misinformation, and material it says spreads hate and division, while ensuring greater accountability for platforms.

Officials also noted that other tech giants, including Meta and Google, support the government’s approach.

X, which has repeatedly clashed with authorities worldwide over compliance demands, now faces the possibility of appealing the decision to India’s Supreme Court.

China summons ByteDance, Alibaba platforms over online content violations

China’s Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) has summoned ByteDance’s Toutiao news platform and Alibaba’s UCWeb browser unit for alleged content violations, adding them to the growing list of tech firms targeted in Beijing’s online crackdown.

According to separate statements issued Tuesday, both platforms were recently penalized for “disrupting the online ecosystem order,” with CAC imposing strict disciplinary actions against responsible personnel.

Alleged violations:

  • Toutiao: Allowed “harmful content” to appear in trending topic lists and other features.

  • UCWeb: Allowed non-authoritative sources and non-mainstream media to dominate trending topics, including coverage of sensitive and malicious events such as cyberbullying and the privacy of minors.

The summons comes as CAC launches a two-month nationwide campaign to remove violent or hostile content, part of a long-running effort to promote a “clean and healthy cyberspace” that aligns with Communist Party socialist values.

Industry-wide sweep

Toutiao said it welcomed the action, pledging to form a task force to combat non-compliant content and trolling. UCWeb has yet to issue a public statement.
CAC has also taken action in recent weeks against Kuaishou, Weibo, and Xiaohongshu (RedNote) for similar violations.

Wider regulatory push

The crackdown comes amid growing concern about public sentiment, as China faces economic headwinds and persistent youth unemployment. Other regulators are also stepping up:

  • The market watchdog summoned logistics platform Huolala over anti-monopoly compliance.

  • Days earlier, it launched an investigation into Kuaigou, an e-commerce arm of Kuaishou, for suspected e-commerce law violations.

Huolala described its summoning as a “profound wake-up call,” vowing stricter compliance going forward.

Beijing’s message is clear: online platforms must not only police content but also align with the state’s broader political and social stability agenda.

China launches campaign against online hostility and pessimism

China’s Cyberspace Administration (CAC) on Monday announced a two-month nationwide campaign to crack down on online content that fuels hostility, spreads rumours, or promotes pessimism about the economy and society.

Key measures

  • Targeted content includes:

    • Posts inciting fan group clashes.

    • Tutorials on doxxing techniques.

    • Rumours and conspiracy theories about the economy.

    • Narratives exaggerating isolated negative incidents.

    • Pessimistic slogans such as “hard work is useless” or “studying is useless”.

  • The CAC said it would conduct comprehensive inspections of trending topics, recommendation systems, and comment sections on major platforms.

Platforms under scrutiny

Recent disciplinary measures have already been taken against:

  • Kuaishou (short-video app)

  • Weibo (microblogging platform)

  • Xiaohongshu/RedNote (Instagram-like platform)

Broader context

  • China’s economy has been under pressure in 2025, with sluggish growth and persistent youth unemployment fueling online discontent.

  • Authorities argue that pessimistic narratives and heated online debates could spill into real-world instability.

  • Unlike Western moderation practices, China’s online speech controls are more extensive, aimed at shaping public sentiment in line with state priorities.

Recent example

The campaign follows the case of actor Yu Menglong, 37, who died after falling from a building. Authorities said three individuals fabricated rumours and fake videos about his death, prompting police to take “compulsory measures” against them for disrupting public order.

The CAC said the new campaign is designed to “clean up online spaces” and promote a healthier information environment aligned with socialist values.