NASA’s Roman Space Telescope Upgraded with New Coronagraph to Detect Exoplanets
In October 2024, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory achieved a significant milestone by successfully integrating the Roman Coronagraph Instrument onto the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, which is scheduled for launch in May 2027. This cutting-edge coronagraph is designed to detect exoplanets that are incredibly faint—up to 100 million times dimmer than their parent stars—by blocking out the overwhelming light from the stars. This breakthrough technology paves the way for future missions aimed at finding Earth-like planets in distant solar systems, making this integration a critical step in advancing exoplanet research.
The Roman Coronagraph, about the size of a baby grand piano, is a complex system composed of masks, prisms, and mirrors working together to block starlight. According to Rob Zellem, Deputy Project Scientist for the Roman Telescope, the instrument’s primary goal is to demonstrate the technologies needed for upcoming space missions such as the proposed Habitable Worlds Observatory, which aims to search for planets capable of supporting life. This crucial piece of technology was installed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, where it was integrated with the Telescope’s main frame, known as the “skeleton” of the observatory. The final integration will see it paired with the Wide Field Instrument, the Roman’s primary science tool, completing the telescope’s core functionality.
Historically, most exoplanet discoveries have been made using the transit method, where astronomers detect the slight dimming of a star’s light as a planet passes in front of it. However, this method is limited by the rare alignments of planetary orbits. The coronagraph-equipped Roman Space Telescope will go beyond this constraint by using direct imaging, allowing scientists to observe exoplanets without waiting for a transit event. This technique, known as coronagraphy, has been tested on the ground with some success, such as with the HR 8799 star system. But the Roman Coronagraph’s advanced capabilities promise to provide unprecedented sensitivity, offering a new way to study distant worlds in space.
With this new coronagraph, the Roman Space Telescope will significantly enhance our ability to directly image exoplanets, marking a major step forward in the search for habitable planets outside our solar system. By blocking out the blinding light of stars, it opens the door to studying planets that were previously too faint to observe, potentially identifying new candidates for life-supporting worlds. As the telescope nears its 2027 launch, the coronagraph will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of space-based exoplanet exploration.
